Tuberculosis (TB)
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that primarily affects the lungs (pulmonary TB), but can also affect other parts of the body (extrapulmonary TB) such as lymph nodes, bones, brain, or kidneys. TB is curable with proper treatment.
Quick Facts
Category:Infectious Diseases
Prevalence:200-300 per 100,000 population in Zimbabwe; Higher in people with HIV
Common Symptoms
Persistent cough for >2 weeks
Coughing up blood or sputum (hemoptysis)
Chest pain when breathing or coughing
Unexplained weight loss
Fever (especially evening/night)
Drenching night sweats
Loss of appetite
Fatigue and weakness
Swollen lymph nodes (if lymph node TB)
Causes & Risk Factors
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria
- Spread through airborne droplets when infected person coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings
- Inhalation of infected droplets
- Most people exposed develop latent TB (not contagious), some develop active TB
- HIV infection (strongest risk factor)
- Diabetes
- Malnutrition or underweight
- Smoking
- Heavy alcohol use
- Immunosuppressive medications
- Chronic kidney disease
- Close household contact with TB patient
- Overcrowded living or working conditions
- Poor ventilation
- Healthcare work
Prevention Strategies
- BCG vaccination (given to infants in Zimbabwe)
- TB screening for HIV-positive people
- Isoniazid Preventive Therapy (IPT) for people living with HIV
- Cover mouth when coughing (cough etiquette)
- Ensure good ventilation in homes and workplaces
- Complete full TB treatment course (prevents drug resistance)
- Screen household contacts of TB patients
- Treat latent TB infection to prevent active disease
- Don't smoke - damages lungs and increases TB risk
When to Seek Medical Care
- •Cough lasting more than 2 weeks
- •Coughing up blood
- •Unexplained weight loss and fever
- •Night sweats persisting for weeks
- •Close contact with someone diagnosed with TB
- •HIV-positive with any respiratory symptoms
Medical Disclaimer
This information is for educational purposes only and should not replace professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult with a qualified healthcare provider for personalized medical guidance and treatment recommendations.
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